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Core Modules

Nutrition and Lifestyle during Pregnancy

Introduction "Nutrition and Lifestyle During Pregnancy"

Unit 1: Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Growth & Development

• Lesson 1: Normal Pregnancy and Maternal Physiological Adaptations

  • 1.1 Overview of Pregnancy
  • 1.2 Maternal Physiological Adaptations
  • 1.3 Adaptations in Maternal Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • 1.4 Adaptations in Maternal Lipid Metabolism

• Lesson 2: Gestational Weight Gain

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Gestational weight gain recommendations
  • 2.3 Gestational weight gain counseling

• Lesson 3: Normal Fetal Growth and Development

  • 3.1 Embryonic and Fetal Period
  • 3.2 Determinants of Fetal Growth and Growth Rate
  • 3.3 Maternal nutrition and fetal development
  • 3.4 Quality of maternal nutrition and fetal development

• Lesson 4: Transport of Nutrients from Mother to Fetus - The Role of the Placenta

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Transport of Macronutrients across the Placenta
  • 4.3. Glucose Transfer
  • 4.4. Fatty Acid Transfer
  • 4.5 Cholesterol Transfer
  • 4.6 Amino Acids and Protein Transfer
  • 4.7 Transfer of Micronutrients

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 1

Unit 2: Nutrition in Pregnancy

• Lesson 1: Preconception Nutritional Advice

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Eating healthy before pregnancy
  • 1.3 Food groups – Vegetables
  • 1.4 Food Groups – Fruits
  • 1.5 Food Groups - Grains
  • 1.6 Food Groups – Dairy
  • 1.7 Food Groups – Protein Foods
  • 1.8 Oils and other dietary components
  • 1.9 The Nutritional “Pyramids”, “Plates” and “Guides”

• Lesson 2: Preconception Nutritional Advice –Specific Counseling

  • Lesson 2.1 Overweight / Obesity and Underweight
  • Lesson 2.2 Folic Acid Status and Supplementation
  • Lesson 2.3 Folic Acid Further Recommendations and NTD prevention
  • Lesson 2.4 Folic acid and global prevention of NTD’s
  • 2.5 Iodine Status
  • Lesson 2.6 Iron Status

• Lesson 3: Nutrition in Pregnancy

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Nutritional Assessment of the pregnant woman
  • 3.3 First Prenatal Visit Basic Guidance
  • 3.4 Energy requirements
  • 3.5 Macronutrients
  • 3.6 Eating healthy during pregnancy

• Lesson 4: Key Micronutrients in Pregnancy

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Folic Acid
  • 4.3 Iodine
  • 4.4 Iron
  • 4.5 Vitamin D
  • 4.6 Other micronutrients
  • 4.7 Summary

• Lesson 5: Avoidance of Foodborne Infections during Pregnancy

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Listeria monocytogenes
  • 5.3 Salmonella
  • 5.4 Toxoplasmosis
  • 5.5 Toxoplasmosis - Screening and management

• Lesson 6: Restrictive diets and common dietary concerns

  • 6.1 Vegetarian diets
  • 6.2 Special diets
  • 6.3 Specific dietary counseling for common pregnancy complaints

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 2

U3: Lifestyle in Pregnancy

• Lesson 1: Physical Activity

  • 1.1 Overview
  • 1.2 Physiological Adaptations & Benefits of Physical Activity
  • Optional Further Information - Pelvic Floor Exercises
  • 1.3 Recommendations

• Lesson 2: Alcohol, Smoking, and Caffeine

  • 2.1 Alcohol during Pregnancy
  • 2.2. Smoking during Pregnancy
  • 2.3 Caffeinated Beverages in Pregnancy

• Lesson 3: Medication Use, Environmental Pollutants, and Radiation

  • 3.1 Medication Use during Pregnancy
  • 3.2 Psychotropic Drugs
  • 3.3 Environmental Pollutants
  • 3.4 Heavy metals
  • 3.5 Radiation

• Lesson 4: Influence of Biological Stress Factors; Stress and Relaxation

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Stress Relaxation

• Lesson 5: Work-Life Balance & Working Conditions

  • 5.1 Work-Life Balance
  • 5.2 Maternity Leave
  • 5.3 Ageing Mothers
  • Lesson 5.4 Definitions

• Key Statements

  • Key Statements

Unit 4: Obesity and Diabetes During Pregnancy

• Lesson 1: Obesity in Pregnancy

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Adverse pregnancy outcomes in obesity – maternal and prenatal
  • 1.3 Adverse pregnancy outcomes in obesity – Neonatal and post-partum
  • 1.4 Worldwide Guidelines and Recommendations in the management of the obese obstetric patient (North America)
  • 1.5 Worldwide Guidelines and Recommendations in the management of the obese obstetric patient (Europe and Oceania)
  • 1.6 Management of the obese pregnant woman – Preconception care
  • 1.7 Management of the obese pregnant woman – Prenatal and Postpartum care
  • 1.7.1 Specific counseling
  • 1.7.2. Summary- Key considerations in the care of the obese women in pregnancy.
  • 1.8 The developmental programming of obesity
  • 1.8.1 Mechanisms
  • 1.8.2 Combating Childhood Obesity starts on the womb

• Lesson 2: Interventions in obese and overweight pregnancies

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Intervention studies in the obese pregnant women – LIMIT and UPBEAT
  • 2.3 Conclusions

• Lesson 3: Diabetes in Pregnancy

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Definition of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
  • 3.3 Screening and Diagnosis
  • 3.4 Available Guidelines on diabetes during pregnancy
  • 3.5.1 Management of diabetes in pregnancy
  • 3.5.2 Management of pregestational T1D and T2D during pregnancy
  • 3.5.3 Management of GDM
  • 3.5.4 Antenatal Care Timetable
  • 3.5.5 Postnatal care for GDM patients

• Key Statements

  • Key Statements

Unit 5: Common Complications During Pregnancy

• Lesson 1: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  • 1.1 Definition and Incidence
  • 1.2 Etiology, Risk factors and Differential Diagnosis
  • 1.3 Maternal and Neonatal effects
  • 1.4 Management of NVP
  • 1.5 Management of NVP and HG – Pharmacological

• Lesson 2: Depression and eating disorders during pregnancy

  • 2.1 Clinical depression - Overview
  • 2.2 Clinical Depression - Screening and diagnosis
  • 2.3 Clinical Depression - Treatment
  • 2.4 Eating disorders during pregnancy – Anorexia nervosa
  • 2.5 Eating disorders – Bulimia nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

• Lesson 3: Hypertensive disorders

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Diagnosis of HDP
  • 3.3 Preeclampsia Syndrome and Eclampsia
  • 3.4 Prevention of preeclampsia
  • 3.5 Management of chronic hypertension
  • 3.6 Management of Gestational Hypertension, Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 5

Case-based Training "Nutrition & Lifestyle During Pregnancy"

Breastfeeding

Introduction

U1: The Practice of Breastfeeding

• Lesson 1: The Physiology of Lactation

  • 1.1 Anatomy of the Breast
  • 1.2 Mammary Gland Development During Pregnancy and Lactation
  • 1.3 Synthesis of Human Milk
  • 1.4 Neuroendocrine Pathway of Milk Secretion

• Lesson 2: Composition of Human Milk

  • 2.1 Compositional Changes During Lactation
  • 2.2 Macronutrients – Lipids
  • 2.3 Macronutrients - Protein
  • 2.4 Macronutrients – Carbohydrates
  • 2.5 Minerals and Trace Elements
  • 2.6 Vitamins
  • 2.7 Bioactive Factors
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 3: Maternal Nutrition during Lactation

  • 3.1 Maternal Nutrition

• Lesson 4: The Practice of Breastfeeding

  • 4.1 Establishing Successful Nursing
  • 4.2 Practical Tips for Breastfeeding
  • 4.3 Infant Feeding Patterns
  • 4.4 Expressing Breast Milk – Proper Handling and Storage

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 1

U2: Current Knowledge of the Benefits of Breastfeeding

• Lesson 1: An Overview of Health Effects

  • 1.1 Introduction

• Lesson 2: Obesity

  • 2.1 Worldwide Incidence of Childhood Obesity
  • 2.2 Breastfeeding and Obesity
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 3: Diabetes Mellitus

  • 3.1 Worldwide Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus
  • 3.2 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • 3.3 Type II Diabetes Mellitus

• Lesson 4: Gastrointestinal Infections

  • 4.1 Worldwide Incidence of GI Infections
  • 4.2 Gastrointestinal Infections and Breastfeeding

• Lesson 5: Hypertension

  • 5.1 Worldwide Incidence
  • 5.2 Hypertension and Breastfeeding

• Lesson 6: Atopic Diseases

  • 6.1 Atopic Diseases

• Lesson 7: Respiratory Infections

  • 7.1 Worldwide Prevalence of Pneumonia
  • 7.2 Respiratory Infections and Breastfeeding

• Lesson 8: Cognitive Development and Function

  • 8.1 Effects of Breastfeeding on Cognitive Development
  • 8.2 Potential Causal Genetic Effects of Breastfeeding on Cognitive Development
  • 8.3 Parental Behavior and Cognitive Development

• Lesson 9: Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  • 9.1 Worldwide Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • 9.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Breastfeeding

• Lesson 10: Other Diseases

  • 10.1 Evidence for an Effect of Breastfeeding on Various Diseases

• Lesson 11: Maternal Health Benefits

  • 11.1 Maternal Health Benefits

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 2

Unit 3: Helping Women Breastfeed

• Lesson 1: Breastfeeding Statistics

  • 1.1 Worldwide Prevalence of Breastfeeding
  • 1.2 The Demographics of Mothers who Breastfeed

• Lesson 2: Barriers to Breastfeeding

  • 2.1 Contraindications to Breastfeeding - on the Mother's Side
  • 2.2 Contraindications to Breastfeeding - on the Infant's Side
  • 2.3 Challenges to Exclusive or Continued Breastfeeding – on the Mother’s Side
  • 2.4 Challenges to Exclusive or Continued Breastfeeding – on the Infant’s Side

• Lesson 3: Psychosocial factors influencing breastfeeding

  • 3.1 Special scenarios
  • Optional Further Information
  • 3.2 The Role of Partner Support in Breastfeeding Success
  • Optional Further Information
  • 3.3 The Role of Family and Peer Support in Breastfeeding Success
  • 3.4 The Role of Professional Support in Breastfeeding Success
  • Optional Further Information - Online Resources

• Lesson 4: Public Health Interventions to Support Breastfeeding

  • 4.1 Breastfeeding Intervention Programs and Policies
  • 4.2 Maternal employment and breastfeeding
  • 4.3 Effectiveness of interventions
  • Optional Further Information

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 3

Case-based Training "Breastfeeding"

Infant Formula Feeding

Introduction: "Infant Formula Feeding"

Unit 1: An Introduction to Infant Formula Feeding

• Lesson 1: An Introduction to Infant Formula Feeding

  • 1.1 Background
  • 1.2 Definitions of Infant Formula
  • 1.3 Current Worldwide Formula Feeding Status
  • 1.4 Current Worldwide Formula Feeding Status – Regional Comparison

• Lesson 2: Case Study - Hypernatremia

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Case Study
  • 2.3 Case Study: Comment

• Lesson 3: History of Infant Formula Feeding

  • 3.1 Early Artificial Infant Feeding
  • 3.2 Formula Development: The First Half of the 20th Century
  • 3.3 Formula Development: The Second Half of the 20th Century
  • 3.4 The Second Half of the 20th Century - continued
  • 3.5 Hygiene and the Evolution of the Feeding Bottle

• Lesson 4: Marketing of Infant Formula

  • 4.1 The WHO International Code of Marketing for Breast Milk Substitutes
  • 4.2 Overview of Code of Marketing Legislature Worldwide
  • 4.3 Prohibition of Advertising Legislature by Region
  • 4.4 Promotion of ‘Specialized’ Infant Formulas
  • 4.5 Key Elements for Successful Implementation of the WHO Code
  • Optional Further Information

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 1

Unit 2: Indications for and Effects of Infant Formula Feeding

• Lesson 1: Breastfeeding Contraindications

  • 1.1 Infant Medical Conditions
  • 1.2 Maternal Medical Conditions
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 2: Non-Medical Reasons for Formula Feeding

  • 2.1 Pre/Antenatal Decision-Making
  • 2.2 Postnatal Decision-Making

• Lesson 3: Societal and Psychological Effects of Formula Feeding

  • 3.1 Psychological Benefits of Breast- vs. Formula Feeding
  • 3.2 Negative Emotional Experiences of Formula Feeding Mothers
  • 3.3 Information Dissemination and Communication with Healthcare Professionals
  • Optional Further Information

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 2

Unit 3: Types and Composition of Infant Formula

• Lesson 1: Standard Components and Guidelines

  • 1.1 Overview - Guidelines
  • 1.2 Standard Composition of Infant Formula
  • 1.3 Standard Composition of Infant Formula: A Comparison with Breast Milk

• Lesson 2: Major Components of Infant Formula

  • 2.1 Protein Sources
  • 2.2 Carbohydrate Sources
  • 2.3 Fats and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

• Lesson 3: Optional Components of Infant Formula

  • 3.1 Probiotics, Prebiotics & Synbiotics
  • 3.2 Bioactive Factors

• Lesson 4: Quality and Safety

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Historical Incidences of Formula Quality and Safety Issues
  • 4.3 Regulation of Infant Formula

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of this Unit

Unit 4: Correct Formula Preparation and Bottle Feeding

• Lesson 1: Preparation of Infant Formula

  • 1.1 The Importance of Accurate Formula Preparation
  • 1.2 Intrinsic Bacterial Contamination of PIF
  • 1.3 The Importance of Hygienic Formula Preparation

• Lesson 2: Correct Formula Preparation

  • 2.1 Essential Equipment for Bottle Feeding
  • 2.2 Cleaning and Sterilization of Equipment
  • 2.3 Recommended Water Temperature – WHO Guidelines
  • 2.4 Recommended Water Temperature – ESPGHAN Guidelines
  • 2.5 Storage and Transport of Infant Formula

• Lesson 3: Correct Bottle-Feeding Practice

  • 3.1 Bottle-Feeding Technique
  • 3.2 Bottle-Feeding Safety
  • 3.3 Feeding Frequency and Amount

• Lesson 4: Weaning from Bottle-feeding

  • 4.1 The Dangers of Prolonged Bottle Use and Late Weaning
  • 4.2 Risks of Excessive Milk Intake
  • 4.3 Calcium Intake
  • 4.4 Weaning Intervention Tools
  • Optional Further Information

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 4

Case-based training: "Infant Formula Feeding"

Complementary Feeding in Infancy

Introduction: "Complementary Feeding"

Unit 1: Current Recommendations and Practices

• Lesson 1: Definitions, Historical Perspective and Practices of Complementary Feeding

  • 1.1 Definitions
  • 1.2 Historical Perspective
  • 1.3 Timing of Complementary Feeding - Current Practices in Different Countries
  • 1.4 Types of Complementary Foods Introduced in Different Countries
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 2: Current Recommendations of Complementary Feeding

  • 2.1 Timing of Complementary Feeding - Current Recommendations
  • 2.2 Maintenance of On Demand Breastfeeding
  • Optional Further Information
  • 2.3 Infancy - A Critical Period of Development
  • 2.4 Nutritional Deficiencies
  • Optional Further Information
  • 2.5 Nutritional Inadequacy of Prolonged Exclusive Breastfeeding

• Lesson 3: Recommendations on Micronutrients

  • 3.1 Overview
  • 3.2 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements or Fortified Products
  • 3.3 Micronutrient Supply - Iron
  • 3.4 Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • 3.5 Recommendations on Iron
  • 3.6 Micronutrient Supply - Zinc
  • 3.7 Micronutrient Supply - Iodine
  • 3.8 Micronutrient Supply - Vitamin A
  • 3.9 Micronutrient Supply - Vitamin D
  • Optional Further Information

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 1

Unit 2: Health Effects of Complementary Feeding

• Lesson 1: Overview on Health Effects

  • Overview on Health Effects

• Lesson 2: Obesity

  • 2.1 Overview
  • 2.2 Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods and Obesity Risk
  • 2.3 Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods and Obesity Risk – Breastfed vs. Formula Fed Infants
  • 2.4 Growth / Weight Gain During Infancy and Later Obesity Risk
  • 2.5 Energy Providing Liquids and Weight Gain
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 3: Atopic Disease: Allergy, Eczema, Asthma

  • 3.1 Overview
  • 3.2 "Critical early window"
  • 3.3 Age of Introduction of Complementary Food and Atopic Diseases
  • 3.4 Allergenic Foods
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 4: Cardiovascular Disease

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Salt Content of Complementary Foods
  • 4.3 Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 5: Celiac Disease

  • 5.1 Overview
  • Optional Further Information - Articles on Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Developing Countries
  • 5.2 Timing of Complementary Foods and Celiac Disease Risk
  • 5.3 Final conclusion on the effect of infant feeding on the Celiac Disease risk
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 6: Diabetes Mellitus

  • 6.1 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • 6.2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 7: Other Health Effects Associated with Complementary Feeding

  • 7.1 Dental Caries
  • 7.2 Infections
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 8: Complementary Feeding in Developing Countries

  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 Infections
  • 8.3 Stunting
  • 8.4 Malnutrition
  • 8.5 Micronutrient Deficiencies
  • 8.6 Summary
  • Optional Further Information

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 2

Unit 3: Composition and Preparation

• Lesson 1: Energy and Macronutrient Requirements of Complementary Foods

  • 1.1 Energy Requirements
  • 1.2 Calculation of Energy Provision by Complementary Foods
  • 1.3 Macronutrient Requirements of the Infant - Lipids
  • 1.4 Macronutrient Requirements of the Infant - Protein

• Lesson 2: Meal Frequency and Energy Density of Complementary Foods

  • 2.1 Overview
  • 2.2 Meal Frequency – Breast Fed Infants
  • 2.3 Meal Frequency – Non-breastfed Infants
  • 2.4 Energy Density of Complementary Foods
  • 2.5 Responsive Feeding
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 3: Types and Consistency of Complementary Foods During Infancy

  • 3.1 Overview
  • 3.2 Types of Foods to Provide – Foods of Plant Origin
  • 3.3 Types of Foods to Provide – Foods of Animal Origin
  • 3.4 Types of Foods to Provide – Milk and Other Dairy Products
  • 3.5 Examples of Complementary Meals
  • 3.6 Non-milk Beverages
  • 3.7 Food consistency
  • 3.8 Home Prepared Foods and Commercial Baby Foods
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 4: Vegetarian and Vegan Diets During Infancy

  • 4.1 Vegetarian Diets - Overview
  • 4.2 Vegan Diets - Overview
  • 4.3 Vegetarian and Vegan Diets - Nutrients of Concern
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 5: Safe Preparation and Storage of Complementary Foods

  • 5.1 Overview
  • 5.2 Hygienic Practices for Food Preparation and Storage

• Lesson 6: Feeding Advice During and After Illness

  • 6.1 Diarrhea
  • 6.2 Coughs, Colds and More Serious Illness

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 3

Unit 4: Physiological Aspects During Complementary Feeding

• Lesson 1: Biological and Developmental Aspects of Complementary Feeding

  • 1.1 Renal Function
  • 1.2 Digestion and Absorption
  • 1.3 Oral Anatomy and Function
  • 1.4 Neuromuscular Coordination
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 2: Development of Taste and Food Preferences

  • 2.1 Innate Taste Preferences
  • 2.2 Flavor of First Foods
  • 2.3 Flavor Learning - Prenatal
  • 2.4 Flavor Learning - Postnatal Breastfeeding
  • 2.5 Facilitation of Food Acceptance
  • Optional Further Information

• Lesson 3: Growth

  • 3.1 Growth Standards
  • 3.2 Worldwide Implementation of the WHO Child Growth Standards
  • Optional Further Information
  • 3.3 Growth and Introduction of Complementary Feeding

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 4

Case-based training "Complementary Feeding"

Focus Modules

Nutritional Care of Preterm Infants

Introduction Preterm Infants

U1: Importance of Optimal Nutrition for Preterms

• Lesson 1: Preterm Birth: A Global Public Health Issue

  • 1.1 Definitions and Demographics
  • 1.2 Preterm infant survival and mortality
  • 1.3 The consequences of preterm birth

• Lesson 2: Benefits of Optimal Preterm Nutrition in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Growth
  • 2.3 Growth and Nutrition in the NICU
  • 2.4 Brain
  • 2.5 Effects of Nutrition on Brain Development
  • 2.6 Necrotizing Enterocolitis
  • 2.7 Respiratory System

• Lesson 3: Infant family presence in the NICU

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Establishing Milk Supply
  • 3.3 Parent-Infant Bonding: Kangaroo Mother Care

• Key Statements

  • Essentials of Unit 1

U2: Nutritional Requirements of the Preterm Infant

• Lesson 1: Defining the Nutritional Needs of Preterm Infants

  • Lesson 1: Defining the Nutritional Needs of Preterm Infants

• Lesson 2: Energy requirements

  • 2. Energy requirements

• Lesson 3: Carbohydrates

  • 3.1 Glucose
  • 3.2 Other carbohydrates

• Lesson 4: Amino Acids and Proteins

  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Amino Acid and Protein Requirements

• Lesson 5: Lipids

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Enteral requirements
  • 5.3 Parenteral requirements

• Lesson 6: Fluid and electrolyte requirements

  • 6.1 Water Physiology
  • 6.2 Homeostasis of body water
  • 6.3 Metabolism of Sodium, Potassium and Chlorine
  • 6.4 Preterm postnatal adaptation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

• Lesson 7: Microminerals

  • 7. Microminerals

• Lesson 8: Minerals – Calcium , Phosphorus and Magnesium

  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 Enteral nutrition requirements
  • 8.3 Parenteral nutrition requirements

• Lesson 9: Vitamins

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2.1 Fat-soluble Vitamins – Vitamin A
  • 9.2.2 Fat-soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D
  • 9.2.3 Fat-soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E
  • 9.2.4 Fat-soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K
  • 9.3.1 Water-soluble Vitamins - Vitamin B group
  • 9.3.2 Water-soluble Vitamins - Vitamin C
  • 9.4 Vitamins - Summary
  • 9.5 Provision and Requirements of Vitamins following Preterm Birth

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 2

U3: Nutrition and Feeding Practice in Preterm Infants

• Lesson 1: Standardizing Care of the Preterm Infant

  • 1.1 The Value of Standardized Feeding Guidelines for Preterm Infants

• Lesson 2: Practical Management of Infant Feedings

  • 2.1 Parenteral Nutrition
  • 2.2 Enteral Nutrition – Human Milk
  • 2.3 Practical Management of Enteral Nutrition
  • 2.4 Human Milk Fortifiers
  • 2.5 Preterm Infant Formulas

• Lesson 3: Monitoring Growth

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Use of growth charts for postnatal growth monitoring in the NICU
  • 3.3 Definition of Growth Faltering
  • 3.4 Practical aspects of growth monitoring

• Lesson 4: Specific Preterm Infant Nutritional Management

  • 4.1 Nutritional management of infants with evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and chronic lung disease (CLD)
  • 4.2 Clinical and nutritional management in NEC
  • 4.3 Nutritional management in growth faltering

• Lesson 5: Preterm Infant Nutritional Management in Low-resource Settings

  • 5.1 Introduction and general principles
  • 5.2 Enteral feeding of preterm infants in a resource-constrained setting
  • 5.3 Care Management and Discharge Practice
  • 5.4 Parenteral feeding of preterm infants in a resource-constrained setting
  • 5.5 Summary of WHO recommendations on optimal feeding of LBW infants (stable and more than 1kg)

• Lesson 6: Home Setting: Post-discharge Feeding and Monitoring

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Current guidelines for feeding the preterm infant after discharge
  • 6.3 Continuing monitoring the post-discharge preterm infant
  • 6.4 General recommendations after hospital discharge

CBT "Nutritional Care for Preterm Infants"

CIH Course: Early Nutrition and Life in Low-Resource Settings

Nutrition: A Global Perspective

• Lesson 1: Global Landscape on Nutrition

  • 1.1 A Global Overview of Malnutrition
  • 1.2 Malnutrition: A Lifelong Burden

• Lesson 2: Development Goals and the Future of Nutrition

  • 2.1. Global Hunger and the Millennium Development Goals
  • 2.2 Looking to the Future: Post-MDGs and the Sustainable Development Goals
  • 2.3 Policy Development and the Fight Against Malnutrition

• Lesson 3: Managing Food Resources

  • 3.1 Hunger and Food Security
  • 3.2 Measuring the Four Pillars of Food Security
  • 3.3 Food Security Monitoring Systems
  • Optional Further Information - IPC
  • 3.4 Threats to Food Security: Violent Conflict and Protracted Crises
  • 3.5 Threats to Food Security: Natural Disasters and Climate Change
  • 3.6 Drivers of Food Security

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 1

Epigenetics

Introduction "Epigenetics"

Unit 1: Introduction to Epigenetic Mechanisms

• Lesson 1: Definitions and General Principles

  • 1.1 Defining Epigenetics
  • 1.2 The Human Genome

• Lesson 2: Histone Variants and Histone Modification

  • Lesson 2.1: Histone Variants and Histone Modification

• Lesson 3: DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation

  • 3.1 DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation
  • 3.2 DNA Methyltransferases

• Lesson 4: Non-Coding RNAs

  • 4.1 Non-Coding RNA's

• Lesson 5: Higher Order Chromatin Structure

  • 5.1 Overview of Chromatin Structure
  • 5.2 Regulation of DNA Activity by Dynamic Chromatin Change

• Key Statements

  • Key Statements

Unit 2 - Epigenetics in Development

• Lesson 1: Methylation Cycle in Early Mammalian Development

  • 1.1 Introduction to Pre-Implantation Development
  • 1.2 Epigenetic Status of the Haploid Gametes (Sperm and Egg)
  • 1.3 Epigenetic Status of Pre-Implantation Embryo
  • 1.4 Remodeling of the Post-Implantation Epigenome During Multicellular Development

• Lesson 2: Genomic Imprinting

  • 2.1 What is Imprinting?
  • 2.2 The Imprinting Cycle
  • 2.3 The Function of Imprinted Genes

• Lesson 3: Postnatal Epigenetic Changes

  • 3.1 The Placenta Shows a Unique Epigenetic Profile
  • 3.2 Placental DNA Methylation and Pregnancy-Associated Disease

• Lesson 4: Inter-Individual Epigenetic Variation

  • 4.1 Epigenetic Variation at Birth – Evidence for a Role of Genetics
  • 4.2 Epigenetic Variation at Birth – Evidence for a General Role of Environment
  • 4.3 Aging-Associated Epigenetic ‘Drift’

• Lesson 5: Epigenetics and Fetal Programming/DOHaD

  • 5.1 The Period In Utero – A Complex and Dependent Environment
  • 5.2 Tissue Specific Epigenetic Response: ‘Dosage’ Effects or Tissue-Specific Adaptation?

• Key Statements for all Lessons

  • Key Statements for all Lessons

Unit 3 -Nutrition as a Key Regulator of Epigenetic Processes

• Lesson 1: Folic Acid and One-Carbon Metabolism

  • 1.1 The Dynamic Methylome
  • 1.2 Methyl Donor Production
  • 1.3 S-Adenosylmethionine: Master of the Methylome
  • 1.4 Regulation of SAM
  • 1.5 Homocysteine Metabolism
  • 1.6 Dietary Folate, SAM and DNA Methylation

• Lesson 2: Nutrient Imbalance: Under- and Overnutrition

  • 2.1 Maternal Undernutrition
  • 2.2 Effects of Maternal Protein Restriction
  • 2.3 Maternal Overnutrition
  • 2.4 Effects of Maternal High Fat Diets

• Lesson 3: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

  • 3.1 Lipids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
  • 3.2 PUFAs as Epigenetic Modifiers

• Lesson 4: Polyphenols

  • 4.1 Polyphenols as Epigenetic Modifiers – Green Tea
  • 4.2 Resveratrol
  • 4.3 Soy Isoflavones
  • 4.4 Other Polyphenols

• Key Statements for all Lessons

  • Key Statements for all Lessons

Unit 4 - Environmental Influence

• Lesson 1: Epigenetic Mechanisms and Environmental Cues

  • 1.1 Early Life Exposure to Stress
  • 1.2 Maternal Stress Effects In Utero and Epigenetic Change in Offspring

• Lesson 2: Effects of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy

  • 2.1 Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Epigenetic Change in Children
  • 2.2 Maternal Smoking Effects are Tissue Specific and Stable Postnatally
  • 2.3 Transgenerational Effects of Smoking Exposure
  • 2.4 Epigenetic Effects of Prenatal and Preconceptional Alcohol Exposure

• Lesson 3: Exposure to Infection, Heavy Metals and Airborne Pollutants During Pregnancy

  • 3.1 Infective Agents and the Epigenome
  • 3.2 Heavy Metals
  • 3.3 Airborne Pollutants

• Lesson 4: Assisted Reproductive Technologies

  • 4.1 ART and Methylation Changes

• Key Statements

  • Key Statements for all Lessons

Unit 5 - Epigenetics and Disease

• Lesson 1: Epigenetics and Human Disease

  • 1.1 Monogenic Epigenetic Disorders
  • 1.2 Immunodeficiency-Centromere Instability-Facial Anomalies (ICF) Syndrome – DNMT3B
  • 1.3 Several X-linked Epigenetic Regulators Are Mutated Developmental Disorders

• Lesson 2: Trinucleotide-Repeat Disorders

  • 2.1 Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) – FMR1 CGG Repeat Expansion
  • 2.2 Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA)
  • 2.3 Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1)

• Lesson 3: Imprinting-Associated Disorders

  • 3.1 Mechanisms of Imprinting-Associated Disorders
  • 3.2 Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Imprinted Disorders – What is the Evidence?

• Lesson 4: Cancer – A Group of Epigenetic Disorders

  • 4.1 Local and Global DNA Hypomethylation
  • 4.2 Localised DNA Hypermethylation and Human Cancer
  • 4.3 Integration of various epigenetic mechanisms contribute to cancer progression

• Lesson 5: Gene: Environment Interactions and ‘Programming’ of Complex Diseases

  • 5.1 Incorporating Epigenetics into a Model of Gene: Environment Interactions
  • 5.2 Fetal Programming and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)
  • 5.3 In utero Environment and Epigenetic Change
  • 5.4 Prospects for Establishing Epigenetics as a Mediator of Complex Disease in Humans

• Key Statements for all Lessons

  • Key Statements for all Lessons

Micronutrients in Pregnancy and Lactation

Introduction "Micronutrients in Pregnancy and Lactation"

Unit 1: Folate and other B vitamins

• Lesson 1: Folate

  • 1.1 Overview
  • 1.2 Neural Tube Defects
  • 1.3 Preconception
  • Optional Further Reading
  • 1.4 During pregnancy
  • 1.5 Lactation

• Lesson 2: Vitamins B1, B2 and B3

  • 2.1 Thiamin – Vitamin B1
  • 2.2 Riboflavin – Vitamin B2
  • 2.3 Niacin – Vitamin B3

• Lesson 3: Vitamins B5, B6, and B7

  • 3.1 Pantothenic Acid – Vitamin B5
  • 3.2 Vitamin B6
  • 3.3 Biotin - Vitamin B7

• Lesson 4: Vitamin B12

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.1.1 Dietary sources
  • 4.1.2 Inadequate Intake and Deficiency
  • 4.2 Preconception, Pregnancy and Lactation

• Lesson 5: Choline

  • 5.1 Overview
  • 5.2 Preconception, Pregnancy, and Lactation

• Key Statements

  • Key Statements

Unit 2: Other vitamins

• Lesson 1: Vitamin A

  • 1.1 Overview
  • 1.2 Preconception, Pregnancy and Lactation

• Lesson 2: Vitamin C

  • 2.1 Overview
  • 2.2 Vitamin C during Pregnancy and Lactation

• Lesson 3: Vitamin D

  • 3.1 Overview
  • 3.2 Dietary Sources, Inadequate intake, and Vitamin D Deficiency
  • 3.3 Preconception, Pregnancy, and Lactation

• Lesson 4: Vitamin E

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Vitamin E during Preconception, Pregnancy, and Lactation

• Lesson 5: Vitamin K

  • 5.1 Overview
  • 5.2 Vitamin K during Pregnancy and Lactation

• Key Statements for all Lessons

  • Key Statements for all Lessons

Unit 3: Minerals, Trace Elements, and Clinical Considerations

• Lesson 1: Iodine

  • 1.1 Overview
  • 1.2 Iodine during preconception, pregnancy and lactation

• Lesson 2: Iron

  • 2.1 Overview
  • 2.2 Iron during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation

• Lesson 3: Other relevant minerals and trace elements for maternal and neonatal health

  • 3.1 Calcium
  • 3.2 Magnesium
  • 3.3 Zinc
  • 3.4 Selenium

• Lesson 4: Micronutrients during Pregnancy and Lactation in Practice

  • 4.1 Nutrition Assessment
  • 4.2 Multiple Micronutrients Supplements
  • 4.3 Summary

• Key Statements

  • Essentials for Unit 3

LC-PUFAs in Pregnancy, Lactation and Infancy

Introduction "LC-PUFAs in Pregnancy, Lactation and Infancy"

Unit 1 - Chemistry, Metabolism and Biological Action

• Lesson 1: Chemistry and Metabolism

  • 1.1 Fundamentals of fatty acids
  • 1.2 Essential fatty acid metabolism
  • 1.3 Essential fatty acid metabolism - conversion efficiency and FADS haplotypes

• Lesson 2: Physiological activities

  • 2.1 Physiological functions
  • 2.2 Eicosanoid formation
  • 2.3 Docosanoid formation
  • 2.4 Health implications - inflammatory conditions
  • 2.5 Health implications- cardiovascular health
  • 2.6 Health implications- neurological system
  • 2.7 Tissue concentrations

• Lesson 3: Dietary sources

  • 3.1 Fish
  • 3.2 Other sources
  • 3.3 Dietary supplements

• Key statements

  • Key statements

Unit 2: LC-PUFA's during Pregnancy

• Lesson 1: Placental Transfer

  • 1.1 Mechanisms of transfer- Biomagnification and Preferential Fatty Acid Uptake and transport
  • 1.2 Mechanisms of Transfer- Adaptation of Metabolism and Activity of Key Enzymes
  • 1.3 Abnormal Placental Function

• Lesson 2: Maternal Health Outcomes

  • 2.1 Pregnancy duration and risk of early preterm birth
  • 2.2 Maternal perinatal and postpartum depression
  • 2.3 High-risk pregnancies

• Lesson 3: Development and Health Outcomes in the Offspring

  • 3.1 Fetal development and health outcomes at birth
  • 3.1.1 Birthweight and length
  • 3.1.2 Body Composition and Head Circumference at birth
  • 3.2 Long-term health outcomes
  • 3.2.1 Cognitive development and visual acuity
  • 3.2.2 Body composition
  • 3.2.3 Allergy and immune response
  • 3.2.4 Other outcomes: Markers of cardiovascular disease

• Lesson 4: Intake Recommendations for Pregnant Women

  • 4.1 Recommendations for pregnant women
  • 4.2 Sources of LC-PUFA's

• Key statements

  • Key statements

Unit 3: LC-PUFAs postnatally: Lactating Women, Newborns and Infants

• Lesson 1: Transfer into Breastmilk

  • 1.1 Transfer of LC-PUFA’s into breastmilk
  • 1.2 Concentration of LC-PUFA's in breastmilk
  • 1.3 Concentrations of LC-PUFA's in breastmilk- population estimations
  • 1.4 Intake recommendations for lactating women

• Lesson 2: Formula Feeding

  • 2.1 Intake recommendations for newborns and young infants
  • 2.2 Adding LC-PUFA's to infant formula- legislation and current practices
  • 2.3 Should both DHA and ARA be added to infant formula?

• Lesson 3: Health Outcomes of LC-PUFA Intake in Term Infants

  • 3.1 Cognitive development and vision
  • 3.2 Allergies and immune response
  • 3.3 Other Outcomes

• Lesson 4: LC-PUFA's in Preterm Infants

  • 4.1 Consequences of a low LC-PUFA supply to preterm infants
  • 4.2 Short- and long-term health outcomes related to LC-PUFA's in preterm infants

• Lesson 5: LC-PUFAs in Older Infants

  • 5.1 LC-PUFA content of complementary food
  • 5.2 Health outcomes- neurodevelopment
  • 5.3 Health outcomes- other outcomes
  • 5.4 Intake recommendations for older infants

• Key Statements

  • Key Statements

Courses on Celiac Disease / Zöliakie

For Patients / Für Patienten

English

Introduction "Management of Celiac Disease"

Unit 1: Understanding Celiac Disease

• Lesson 1: Celiac Disease - The Basics

  • 1.1 What is gluten?
  • 1.2 What is celiac disease?

• Lesson 2: Why Do Some People Get Celiac Disease and Most Don't- Although They All Eat Gluten?

  • 2.1 The role of genes
  • Optional further information: Genes in celiac disease
  • 2.2 Other high-risk groups
  • 2.3 Environmental factors
  • Optional further information: environmental factors

• Lesson 3: What Happens in the Gut?

  • What happens in the gut?

• Figure 9

  • Figure 9

Unit 2: Diagnosing Celiac Disease

• Lesson 1: How Does the Physician Test for Celiac Disease?

  • 1.1 Blood tests
  • 1.2 Upper endoscopy with biopsies
  • 1.3 HLA testing
  • 1.4 Special diagnostic situations

• Lesson 2: Wheat or Gluten Related Symptoms Which are Not Due to Celiac Disease

  • 2.1 Other wheat- or gluten related disorders
  • 2.2 Wheat allergy
  • 2.3 Wheat hypersensitivity

Unit 3: Treatment of Celiac Disease

• Lesson 3: What Does Celiac Disease and a Gluten-free Diet Mean for my Health?

  • 3.1 Nutritional issues
  • 3.2 Excessive weight gain under the gluten-free diet
  • 3.3 What should the daily gluten-free diet look like?
  • 3.4 Vegetarian and vegan diets
  • 3.5 Frequent celiac disease comorbidities and the gluten-free diet

• Request to the cook - how to communicate the gluten-free diet in several languages

  • Request to the cook

Unit 4: Living with Celiac Disease

• Lesson 1: Coping With the Diagnosis

  • 1.1 Psychosocial aspects of celiac disease and the gluten-free diet
  • 1.2 How to cope with celiac disease in special situations
  • 1.3 How is family life affected by celiac disease?
  • 1.4 How do I tell others?
  • Optional further information: Patient Stories

• Lesson 3: Managing and Monitoring Celiac Disease - What Is Important?

  • Managing and Monitoring Celiac Disease

• Lesson 1: Coping With the Diagnosis

  • Optional further information: Patient stories

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模块 1: 孕期营养和生活方式

引言

第1单元: 母体代谢和胎儿发育

• 第1课： 正常妊娠和孕妇代谢的生理变化

  • 1.1 妊娠概述
  • 1.2 母体生理变化
  • 1.3 母体碳水化合物代谢的变化
  • 1.4 母体脂肪代谢的改变
  • 更多选读材料

• 第2课：母亲身体构成和孕期体重增加

  • 2.1 母亲身体构成和孕期体重增加
  • 2.2 孕期体重增长和母亲身体组成（续）
  • 附记-过去关于孕期体重增长的争论
  • 2.3 孕期体重增长模式
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：正常胎儿的生长和发育

  • 3.1 胚胎期和胎儿期
  • 3.2 胎儿生长及生长速度的决定因素
  • 3.3 母体营养
  • 3.4 母体营养（接上节）
  • 更多选读材料

• 第4课：从母亲向胎儿的营养运输-胎盘的作用

  • 4.1 介绍
  • 4.2 胎盘对宏量营养素的运输
  • 4.3. 葡萄糖的转运
  • 4.4. 脂质转运
  • 4.5 胆固醇和蛋白质转运
  • 4.6 其他微量营养素的转运
  • 选读更多内容

• 重点

  • 第1单元要点

第2单元: 孕期营养

• 第1课：对孕前营养和生活方式的建议

  • 1.1 前言
  • 1.2 超重/肥胖以及体重不足
  • 1.3 叶酸状况
  • 1.4 碘的状况
  • 更多选读材料

• 第2课：孕期能量和大量营养素的需求以及健康饮食

  • 2.1 能量需求
  • 更多选读材料- Useful Hint
  • 2.2 宏量营养素
  • 更多选读内容——长链多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3&n-6）
  • 2.3 一般状况—健康膳食
  • 2.4 液体
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：主要微量元素——需要补充么？

  • 3.1 微量营养素
  • 3.2 叶酸
  • 3.3 碘
  • 3.4 铁
  • 可选择的补充信息——妊娠期的铁需求量
  • 3.5 维生素D
  • 3.6总结
  • 更多选读材料

• 第4课：避免孕期食物源性传染病

  • 4.1 病原体概述
  • 4.2预防食物传染病
  • 更多选读材料

• 第5课：素食主义，纯素食主义和过敏预防

  • 5.1素食主义
  • 5.2 纯素食主义
  • 5.3预防儿童过敏的孕期营养
  • 更多选读材料

• 要点

  • 第2单元要点

第3单元：孕期的生活方式

• 第1课： 体育锻炼

  • 1.1 概述
  • 1.2 生理性适应和体育锻炼的益处
  • 1.3 推荐内容
  • 可选读：生理性适应和体育锻炼的益处

• 第2课： 酒精、吸烟和咖啡因

  • 2.1 妊娠期饮酒
  • 2.2 妊娠期吸烟
  • 2.3 孕期饮用含咖啡因的饮料

• 第3课：药物、环境物质及放射性

  • 3.1 孕期的药物使用
  • 3.2 精神性药物
  • 3.3 麦角胺
  • 3.4 环境物质
  • 可选读：区域性调查
  • 3.5 重金属
  • 3.6 辐射

• 第4课：生物应激因素的影响；压力和松弛

  • 4.1 概述
  • 可选读：区域性观察
  • 4.2 压力缓解
  • 4.3 压力缓解（续）

• 第5课： 工作生活平衡及工作环境

  • 5.1 工作-生活平衡
  • 5.2 产假
  • 5.3 高龄母亲
  • 5.4 定义

• 要点

  • 第3单元要点

第4单元：孕期肥胖、糖尿病和其他重要的健康挑战

• 第1课: 肥胖妇女的孕前状态和体重增加

  • 1.1 BMI与并发症的风险
  • 1.2 肥胖妇女的孕期体重增量
  • 1.3 肥胖的跨代遗传
  • 1.4 行动要点和指南

• 第2课: 肥胖孕妇的干预措施

  • 2.1 概述
  • 2.2 体育运动
  • 2.3 营养
  • 2.4 总结
  • 更多选读材料：肥胖妇女孕前、产前及产后的治疗方式

• 第3课: 妊娠糖尿病和糖尿病的饮食建议

  • 3.1 概述
  • 3.2 危险因素和筛查
  • 3.3 饮食建议
  • 3.4 个人饮食指导原则
  • 3.5 总结-产前检查的建议
  • 更多选读材料

• 要点

  • 第4单元要点

案例训练：模块1-孕期营养和生活方式

模块 2：母乳喂养

引言 母乳喂养

单元1：母乳喂养的实践

• 第1课: 哺乳期生理学

  • 1.1 乳房的解剖学结构
  • 1.2 妊娠期与哺乳期的乳腺发育
  • 1.3 母乳的合成
  • 1.4 乳汁分泌的神经内分泌途径

• 第2课：母乳的成分

  • 2.1 哺乳期母乳成分的变化
  • 2.2 宏量营养素——脂类
  • 2.3 宏量营养素——蛋白质
  • 2.4 宏量营养素——碳水化合物
  • 2.5 矿物质和微量元素
  • 2.6 维生素
  • 2.7 生物活性因子
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：哺乳期母体营养

  • 3.1 母体营养

• 第4课：母乳喂养的实践

  • 4.1 建立成功的护理
  • 4.2 母乳喂养的实用技巧
  • 4.3 婴儿喂养模式
  • 4.4 挤出母乳——适当的处理和贮存

• 要点

  • 第1单元要点

单元 2：目前关于母乳喂养益处的认识

• 第1课：健康影响的概述

  • 1.1 引言

• 第2课：肥胖

  • 2.1 全世界儿童肥胖发病率
  • 2.2 母乳喂养和肥胖
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：糖尿病

  • 3.1 全世界糖尿病的发病率
  • 3.2 1型糖尿病
  • 3.3 2型糖尿病

• 第4课：胃肠感染

  • 4.1 全世界胃肠感染发病率
  • 4.2 胃肠感染和母乳喂养

• 第5课：高血压

  • 5.1 世界发病率
  • 5.2 高血压和母乳喂养

• 第6课：过敏性疾病

  • 6.1 过敏性疾病

• 第7课：呼吸道感染

  • 7.1 肺炎的全球患病率
  • 7.2 呼吸道感染与母乳喂养

• 第8课：认知发展和功能

  • 8.1 母乳喂养对认知发展的影响
  • 8.2 母乳喂养对认知发展的潜在遗传影响
  • 8.3 父母的行为和认知发展

• 第9课：炎症性肠道疾病

  • 9.1 炎症性肠道疾病的全球发病率
  • 9.2 炎症性肠道疾病与母乳喂养

• 第10课： 其它疾病

  • 10.1 母乳喂养对不同疾病作用的证据

• 第11课：母亲健康的益处

  • 11.1 母亲健康的益处

• 要点

  • 第2单元要点

单元3：帮助女性实施母乳喂养

• 第1课: 母乳喂养统计资料

  • 1.1 全世界母乳喂养率
  • 1.2 实行母乳喂养的母亲的人口学特征

• 第2课: 母乳喂养的障碍

  • 2.1 从母亲的角度出发的母乳喂养禁忌症
  • 2.2 从婴儿的角度出发的母乳喂养禁忌症
  • 2.3 纯母乳喂养或持续母乳喂养的挑战 – 母亲的角度
  • 2.4 纯母乳喂养或持续母乳喂养的挑战 - 婴儿的角度

• 第3课: 影响母乳喂养的社会心理因素

  • 3.1 特殊情境
  • 更多选读材料
  • 3.2 伴侣的支持对于成功母乳喂养的作用
  • 更多选读材料
  • 3.3 家庭和同龄人支持对于成功母乳喂养的作用
  • 3.4 专业支持对于成功母乳喂养的作用
  • 可选内容-网络资源

• 第4课: 支持母乳喂养的公共卫生干预措施

  • 4.1 母乳喂养干预项目和政策
  • 4.2 母亲的职业和母乳喂养
  • 4.3 干预措施的效果
  • 更多选读材料

• 重点

  • 第3单元重点

案例训练：帮助女性实施母乳喂养

模块 3：婴儿配方奶粉喂养

引言“婴儿配方奶喂养”

单元1： 婴儿配方奶喂养介绍

• 第1课：婴儿配方奶喂养介绍

  • 1.1 背景
  • 1.2 婴儿配方奶粉的定义
  • 1.3 目前全世界婴儿配方奶喂养的现状
  • 1.4 目前全世界配方奶喂养现状-各地区比较

• 第2课：案例分析-高钠血症

  • 2.1 介绍
  • 2.2 案例研究
  • 2.3 案例研究：评论

• 第3课：婴儿配方奶喂养历史

  • 3.1 早期婴儿人工喂养
  • 3.2 配方奶的发展：20世纪上半叶
  • 3.3 配方奶的发展：20世纪下半叶
  • 3.4 20世纪下半叶（续）
  • 3.5 卫生条件和奶瓶的演变

• 第4课：婴儿配方奶市场

  • 4.1 世界卫生组织对母乳替代品的国际市场标准
  • 4.2 配方奶市场国际标准的概述
  • 4.3 各地区禁止推广广告
  • 4.4 “特殊”婴儿配方奶的推广
  • 4.5 成功实施WHO标准的关键要素
  • 更多选读信息

• 重点

  • 单元1要点

单元2：婴儿配方奶喂养的指征和效果

• 第2课：配方奶喂养的非医学原因

  • 2.1 出生前的决策制定
  • 2.2 出生后的决策制定

• 第3课：配方奶喂养的社会和心理效应

  • 3.1 母乳和[配方奶喂养的心理学效应
  • 3.2 配方奶喂养母亲消极的情感体验
  • 3.3 与健康保健医生之间的信息传递与交流
  • 选读材料

• 重点

  • 第2单元要点

• 第1课：母乳喂养的禁忌症

  • 1.1 婴儿的健康状况
  • 1.2 母亲的健康问题
  • 选读材料

单元3： 婴儿配方奶的类型及成分

• 第1课：标准成分及指南

  • 1.1 概述-指南
  • 1.2 婴儿配方奶的标准组分
  • 1.3 婴儿配方奶的标准组分：与母乳的比较

• 第2课：婴儿配方奶主要成分

  • 2.1 蛋白质来源
  • 2.2 碳水化合物来源
  • 2.3 脂肪及多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）

• 第3课：婴儿配方奶的可选成分

  • 3.1 益生菌、益生元和合生元
  • 3.2 生物活性因子

• 第4课：质量与安全

  • 4.1 引言
  • 4.2 配方奶粉质量和安全问题的历史事件
  • 4.3 婴幼儿配方奶粉的监管

• 重点

  • 本单元要点

单元4：正确的配方奶配制和人工喂养

• 第1课：婴儿配方奶的配制

  • 1.1 准确配制配方奶的重要性
  • 1.2 婴儿配方奶固有的细菌污染
  • 1.3 卫生配制配方奶的重要性

• 第2课：正确的配方奶配制

  • 2.1 人工喂养的必要器具
  • 2.2 器皿的清洁与消毒
  • 2.3 推荐的水温-WHO指南
  • 2.4 推荐的水温- ESPGHAN指南
  • 2.5 婴儿配方奶的储存和运输

• 第3课：正确的人工喂养方法

  • 3.1 人工喂养技术
  • 3.2 人工喂养的安全性
  • 3.3 喂哺频次和喂哺量

• 第4课：断奶

  • 4.1 延长奶瓶使用和断奶过晚的危害
  • 4.2 牛奶摄入过量的危险
  • 4.3 钙的摄入
  • 4.4 断奶的干预措施
  • 更多选读材料

• 要点

  • 第4单元要点

案例训练：“婴儿配方奶喂养”

模块 4: 婴儿期辅食添加

引言：“辅食添加”

单元1：当前建议与方法

• 第1课：辅食添加的定义与历史回顾

  • 1.1 定义
  • 1.2 历史回顾

• 第2课：辅食添加的重要性

  • 2.1 婴儿期 ──发育的关键时期
  • 更多选读材料
  • 2.2 延长纯母乳喂养时间所引起的营养不足
  • 2.3 微量元素补充──铁
  • 2.4 微量元素补充──锌
  • 2.5 微量元素补充──维生素A和D
  • 2.6 常量营养素补充
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：辅食添加的指南

  • 3.1 辅食添加的时机──当前的建议
  • 3.2 按需哺乳的维持
  • 更多选读信息

• 第4课：辅食添加的现状

  • 4.1 辅食添加的时机──不同国家的当前现状
  • 4.2 不同国家引入辅食的种类
  • 更多选读信息

• 重点

  • 单元1要点

单元2：辅食添加带来的健康影响

• 第1课：关于辅食添加带来的健康影响的概述

  • 1.1 引言

• 第2课：肥胖

  • 2.1 概述
  • 2.2 辅食引入的年龄和肥胖风险
  • 2.3 辅食引入的年龄和肥胖风险 —— 母乳喂养的婴儿与配方奶粉喂养的婴儿的对比
  • 2.4 婴儿期的生长/体重增加与后期肥胖风险
  • 2.5 提供能量的液体与体重增长
  • 更多选读信息

• 第3课：特应性疾病：过敏、湿疹、哮喘

  • 3.1 概述
  • 3.2 “早期关键的窗口”
  • 3.3 添加辅食的年龄和特应性疾病
  • 3.4 致敏食物
  • 更多选读信息

• 第4课：心血管疾病

  • 4.1 概述
  • 4.2 辅食中的盐含量
  • 4.3 长链n-3多不饱和脂肪酸
  • 更多选读信息

• 第5课：乳糜泻

  • 5.1 概述
  • 更多选读信息 —— 关于乳糜泻在发展中国家患病率的文献e in Developing Countries
  • 5.2 添加辅食的时间与患乳糜泻的风险
  • 更多选读信息

• 第6课：糖尿病

  • 6.1 1型糖尿病
  • 6.2 2型糖尿病
  • 更多选读信息

• 第7课：与辅食添加相关的其他健康影响

  • 7.1 龋齿
  • 7.2 传染病
  • 更多选读信息

• 第8课：发展中国家的辅食添加状况

  • 8.1 概述
  • 8.2 感染病
  • 8.3 发育迟缓
  • 8.4 营养不良
  • 8.5 微量营养素缺乏
  • 8.6 维生素A 和锌的缺乏
  • 8.7 铁和碘的缺乏
  • 更多选读信息

• 重点

  • 单元2要点

单元3：辅食的组成与制备

• 第1课：辅食的营养需求

  • 1.1 母乳喂养婴儿的总能量需求
  • 1.2 来自于辅食的能量需求
  • 1.3 非母乳喂养婴儿的总能量需求
  • 1.4 婴儿的宏量营养素需求——脂质
  • 1.5 婴儿的宏量营养素需求——蛋白质
  • 1.6 婴儿的微量营养素需求
  • 更多选读材料

• 第2课：进食频率和辅食的能量密度

  • 2.1 概述
  • 2.2 进食频率——母乳喂养的婴儿
  • 2.3 进食频率——非母乳喂养的婴儿
  • 2.4 辅食的能量密度
  • 2.5 回应式喂养
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：婴儿期辅食的类型和一致性

  • 3.1 概述
  • 3.2 提供的食物类型——植物性食物
  • 3.3 提供的食物类型——动物源性食物
  • 3.4 提供的食物类型——奶和其他乳制品
  • 3.5 辅食的例子
  • 3.6 非乳类饮品
  • 3.7 食物的搭配
  • 3.8 家庭自制食物和商业婴儿食品
  • 更多选读材料

• 第4课：婴儿期素食及纯素食饮食

  • 4.1 素食饮食——概述
  • 4.2 纯素饮食——概述
  • 4.3 素食饮食和纯素饮食——重要的营养素

• 第5课：辅食的安全制备和储存

  • 5.1 概述
  • 5.2 食物制备和储存的卫生规范

• 第6课：病中和病后的喂养建议

  • 6.1 腹泻
  • 6.2 咳嗽、感冒以及更严重的疾病

• 重点

  • 第3单元要点

单元4：辅食添加期的生理方面

• 第1课：辅食喂养的生物学和发育方面

  • 1.1 肾脏功能
  • 1.2 消化和吸收
  • 1.3 口腔解剖学与功能
  • 1.4 神经肌肉的协调
  • 更多选读材料

• 第2课：味觉和食物偏好的发育

  • 2.1 天生的味觉偏好
  • 2.2 最早期食物的味道
  • 2.3 味道学习——产前期
  • 2.4 味道学习 – 产后母乳喂养
  • 2.5 提高食物接受程度
  • 更多选读材料

• 第3课：生长

  • 3.1 生长标准
  • 3.2 WHO儿童生长标准在全世界的实施
  • 更多选读材料
  • 3.3 婴儿生长与辅食添加

• 重点

  • 第4单元要点

案例分析训练“辅食喂养”

ENeA’nın Türkçe versiyonuna ulaşmak için tıklayın!

Early Nutrition eAcademy'ye Hoşgeldiniz!

Modül 2 "Anne Sütüyle Beslenme"

Giriş: "Anne Sütüyle Beslenme"

Ünite 1: Emzirme

• Ders 1: Laktasyon Fizyolojisi

  • 1.1 Meme Anatomisi
  • 1.2 Hamilelik ve Laktasyon Sırasında Meme Bezinin Gelişimi
  • 1.3 İnsan Sütünün Sentezi
  • 1.4 Süt Sekresyonunun Nöroendokrin Yolağı

• Ders 2: İnsan Sütünün Bileşimi

  • 2.1 Laktasyon Sırasında Bileşimdeki Değişimler
  • 2.2 Makro Besinler – Lipidler
  • 2.3 Makro Besinler - Protein
  • 2.4 Makro Besinler – Karbonhidratlar
  • 2.5 Mineraller ve Eser Elementler
  • 2.6 Vitaminler
  • 2.7 Biyoaktif Faktörler
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 3: Laktasyon Sırasında Annenin Beslenmesi

  • 3.1 Annenin Beslenmesi

• Ders 4: Emzirme

  • 4.1 Başarılı Emzrime
  • 4.2 Emzirme Konusunda Pratik İpuçları
  • 4.3 Bebekleri Emzirme Düzeni
  • 4.4 Anne Sütünün Sağılması –İşlemi Uygun Yapma ve Saklama

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 2

Ünite 2: Anne Sütüyle Beslenmenin Faydaları Konusunda Güncel Bilgiler

• Ders 1: Sağlık Etkilerine Genel Bakış

  • 1.1 Giriş

• Ders 2: Obezite

  • 2.1 Dünya Çapında Çocuklarda Obezite İnsidansı
  • 2.2 Anne Sütüyle Beslenme ve Obezite
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 3: Diabetes Mellitus

  • 3.1 Diabetes Mellitus'un Dünya Çapında İnsidansı
  • 3.2 Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • 3.3 Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Ders 4: Gastrointestinal Enfeksiyonlar

  • 4.1 Gastrointestinal Enfeksiyonların Dünya Çapında Prevalansı
  • 4.2 Gastrointestinal Enfeksiyonlar ve Anne Sütüyle Beslenme

• Ders 5: Hipertansiyon

  • 5.1 Dünya Çapında İnsidans
  • 5.2 Hipertansiyon ve Anne Sütüyle Beslenme

• Ders 6: Atopik Hastalıklar

  • 6.1 Atopik Hastalıklar

• Ders 7: Solunum Yolu Enfeksiyonları

  • 7.1 Dünyada Pnömoni Prevalansı
  • 7.2 Solunum Yolu Enfeksiyonları ve Anne Sütüyle Beslenme

• Ders 8: Bilişsel Gelişim ve Fonksiyon

  • 8.1 Anne Sütüyle Beslenmenin Bilişsel Gelişim Üzerindeki Etkileri
  • 8.2 Anne Sütüyle Beslenmenin Bilişsel Gelişim üzerindeki Olası Nedensel Genetik Etkileri
  • 8.3 Ebeveyn Davranışı ve Bilişsel Gelişim

• Ders 9: İnflamatuar Bağırsak Hastalığı

  • 9.1 Dünyada İnflamatuar Bağırsak Hastalığı İnsidansı
  • 9.2 İnflamatuar Bağırsak Hastalığı ve Anne Sütüyle Beslenme

• Ders 10: Diğer Hastalıklar

  • 10.1 Anne Sütüyle Beslenmenin Çeşitli Hastalıklar Üzerindeki Etkisiyle İlgili Bulgular

• Ders 11: Anne Sağlığına Faydaları

  • 11.1 Anne Sağlığına Faydaları

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 2

Ünite 3: Kadınların Emzirmesine Yardımcı Olmak

• Ders 1: Anne Sütüyle Beslenme İstatistikleri

  • 1.1 Dünya Çapında Emzirme Prevalansı
  • 1.2. Bebeklerini Emziren Annelerle İlgili Demografik Bilgiler

• Ders 2: Emzirmenin Önündeki Engeller

  • 2.1 Emzirme Kontrendikasyonları - Anne Açısından
  • 2.2 Emzirme Kontrendikasyonları - Bebek Açısından
  • 2.3 Sadece Anne Sütüyle Beslenme veya Uzun Süreli Emzirme Konusunda Yaşanan Güçlükler - Anne Açısından
  • 2.4. Sadece Anne Sütüyle Besleme veya Emzirmeye Devam Konusunda Yaşanan Güçlükler - Bebek Açısından

• Ders 3: Emzirmeyi etkileyen psikososyal faktörler

  • 3.1. Özel senaryolar
  • Optional Further Information
  • 3.2 Emzirme Başarısında Partner Desteğinin Rolü
  • Optional Further Information
  • 3.3 Aile ve Akran Desteğinin Emzirme Başarısındaki Rolü
  • 3.4 Emzirme Başarısında Profesyonel Desteğin Rolü
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma - İnternet Üzerindeki Kaynaklar

• Ders 4: Emzirmeyi Destekleyecek Toplum Sağlığı Girişimleri

  • 4.1 Emzirme Girişimi Programları ve Politikaları
  • 4.2 Annenin çalışması ve emzirme
  • 4.3 Girişimlerin etkinliği
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 3

“Anne Sütüyle Beslenme” için Olguya Dayalı Eğitim

Modül 3 "Formula ile Beslenme"

Giriş "Formula ile Beslenme"

Ünite 1: Formula ile Beslenme

• Ders 1: Formula ile Beslenmeye Giriş

  • 1.1 Arka Plan
  • 1.2 Formula Tanımları
  • 1.3 Dünya Çapında Formula ile Beslenme Durumu
  • 1.4 Dünya Çapında Formula ile Beslenme Durumu– Bölgesel Karşılaştırma

• Ders 2: Olgu Çalışması - Hipernatremi

  • 2.1 Giriş
  • 2.2 Olgu Çalışması
  • 2.3 Olgu Çalışması: Yorum

• Ders 3: Formula ile Beslenmenin Tarihçesi

  • 3.1 İlk Yapay Beslenme
  • 3.2 Formulanın Geliştirilmesi: 20. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısı
  • 3.3 Formulanın Geliştirilmesi: 20. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısı
  • 3.4 Formulanın Geliştirilmesi: 20. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısı - devam
  • 3.5 Hijyen ve Biberonların Gelişimi

• Ders 4: Bebek Formulalarının Pazarlanması

  • 4.1 WHO Anne Sütü İkameleriyle İlgili Uluslararası Pazarlama Tüzüğü
  • 4.2 Dünya Çapında Pazarlama Tüzüğünün Kanunlaştırılması Konusuna Genel Bakış
  • 4.3 Bölgeye Göre Reklam Yasağının Kanunlaştırılması
  • 4.4 ‘Özel Hazırlanmış’ Bebek Formulalarının Tanıtımı
  • 4.5 WHO Tüzüğünün Başarılı Bir Şekilde Uygulanmasında Başlıca Etmenler
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 1

Ünite 2: Bebek Formulası Endikasyonu ve Etkileri

• Ders 1: Anne Sütüyle Beslenmenin Kontraendikasyonları

  • 1.1 Bebekle İlgili Tıbbi Rahatsızlıklar
  • 1.2 Anneyle İlgili Tıbbi Rahatsızlıklar
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 2: Formula ile Beslenmede TıbbiOlmayan Nedenler

  • 2.1 Doğum Öncesi Karar Verme
  • 2.2 Doğum-Sonrası Karar Verme

• Ders 3: Formula ile Beslemenin Toplumsal ve Psikolojik Etkileri

  • 3.1 Anne Sütü ve Formula ile Beslemenin Psikolojik Faydalarının Karşılaştırılması
  • 3.2 Formula ile Besleyen Annelerin Negatif Duygusal Deneyimleri
  • 3.3 Bilginin Yayılması ve Sağlık Çalışanlarıyla İletişim
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 2

Ünite 3: Bebek Formulası Çeşitleri ve Bileşimi

• Ders 1: Standart Bileşenler ve Kılavuzlar

  • 1.1 Genel Bakış - Kılavuzlar
  • 1.2 Bebek Formulasının Standart Bileşimi
  • 1.3 Bebek Formulalarının Standart Bileşimi: Anne Sütüyle Bir Karşılaştırma

• Ders 2: Bebek Formulasının Önemli Bileşenleri

  • 2.1 Protein Kaynakları
  • 2.2 Karbonhidrat Kaynakları
  • 2.3 Yağlar ve Çoklu Doymuş Yağ Asitleri (PUFA)

• Ders 3: Bebek Formulasının İsteğe Bağlı Bileşenleri

  • 3.1 Probiyotikler, Prebiyotikler ve Sinbiyotikler
  • 3.2 Biyoaktif Faktörler

• Ders 4: Kalite ve Güvenlik

  • 4.1 Giriş
  • 4.2 Tarihte Görülen Formula Kalitesi ve Güvenliği Sorunlarıyla İlgili Olaylar
  • 4.3 Bebek Formulası Düzenlemeleri

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 3

Ünite 4: Formulanın Doğru Hazırlanması ve Biberonla Beslenme

• Ders 1: Bebek Formulasının Hazırlanması

  • 1.1 Formulanın Doğru Hazırlanmasının Önemi
  • 1.2 PIF'in İntrinsik Bakteri Kontaminasyonu
  • 1.3 Hijyenik Formula Hazırlamanın Önemi

• Ders 2: Formulanın Doğru Hazırlanması

  • 2.1 Biberonla Beslemek İçin Gerekli Ekipman
  • 2.2 Ekipmanların Temizlenmesi ve Sterilizasyonu
  • 2.3 Önerilen Su Sıcaklığı – WHO Kılavuzları
  • 2.4 Önerilen Su Sıcaklığı – ESPGHAN Kılavuzları
  • 2.5 Bebek Formulasının Saklanması ve Taşınması

• Ders 3: Biberonla Doğru Besleme Uygulaması

  • 3.1 Biberonla Besleme Tekniği
  • 3.2 Biberonla Güvenli Besleme
  • 3.3 Besleme Sıklığı ve Miktarı

• Ders 4: Biberonla Beslemenin Kesilmesi

  • 4.1 Uzun Süre Biberon Kullanımı ve Geç Kesilmesinin Tehlikeleri
  • 4.2 Aşırı Süt Alımının Getirdiği Riskler
  • 4.3 Kalsiyum Alımı
  • 4.4 Biberondan Kesme Yöntemleri
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 4

“Formula ile Beslenme” için Olguya Dayalı Eğitim

Modül 4 "Bebeklik Döneminde Tamamlayıcı Beslenme"

Modül 4 "Süt Çocukluğu Döneminde Tamamlayıcı Beslenme"

Ünite 1: Güncel Öneri ve Uygulamal

• Ders 1: Tamamlayıcı Beslenmenin Tanımları,Tarihçesi ve Uygulamaları

  • 1.1. Tanımlar
  • 1.2 Tarihçeye Bakış
  • 1.3 Tamamlayıcı Beslenmenin Zamanlaması - Farklı Ülkelerdeki Güncel Uygulamalar
  • 1.4 Farklı Ülkelerde Verilen Tamamlayıcı Gıda Tipleri
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 2: Tamamlayıcı Besinlerle İlgili Güncel Öneriler

  • 2.1 Tamamlayıcı Beslenmenin Zamanlaması - Güncel Öneriler
  • 2.2 Talep Üzerine Anne Sütüyle Beslenmeye Devam Edilmesi
  • Optional Further Information
  • 2.3 Süt Çocukluğu – Gelişmede Kritik Bir Dönem
  • 2.4 Beslenme Eksiklikleri
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma
  • 2.5 Sadece Anne Sütüyle Beslenmenin Uzaması Durumunda Beslenme Yetersizliği

• Ders 3: Mikro Besinlerle İlgili Öneriler

  • 3.1 Genel Özet
  • 3.2 Vitamin ve Mineral Takviyeleri veya Takviye Edilmiş Ürünler
  • 3.3 Mikro Besin Tedariği - Demir
  • 3.4 Demir Eksikliği ve Demir Eksikliği Anemisi
  • 3.5 Demirle İlgili Öneriler
  • 3.6 Mikro Besin Tedariği - Çinko
  • 3.7 Mikro Besin Tedariği - İyot
  • 3.8 Mikro Besin Tedariği - A Vitamini
  • 3.9 Mikro Besin Tedariği - D Vitamini
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 1

Ünite 2: Tamamlayıcı Beslenmenin Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri

• Ders 1 : Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkilerle İlgili Genel Özet

  • Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkilerle İlgili Genel Özet

• Ders 2: Obezite

  • 2.1 Genel Özet
  • 2.2 Tamamlayıcı Gıdalara Başlama Yaşı ve Obezite Riski
  • 2.3 Tamamlayıcı Gıdalara Başlama Yaşı ve Obezite Riski – Anne Sütüyle Beslenen ve Formulayla Beslenen Bebeklerin Karşılaştırılması
  • 2.4 Bebeklikte Büyüme / Kilo Alımı ve Sonraki Obezite Riski
  • 2.5 Enerji Sağlayan Sıvılar ve Kilo Alımı
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 3: Atopik Hastalık: Alerji, Egzema, Astım

  • 3.1 Genel Özet
  • 3.2 "Kritik erken aralık"
  • 3.3 Tamamlayıcı Gıdalara Başlama Yaşı ve Atopik Hastalıklar
  • 3.4 Alerjen Gıdalar
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 4: Kardiyovasküler Hastalık

  • 4.1 Genel Özet
  • 4.2 Tamamlayıcı Gıdaların Tuz İçeriği
  • 4.3 Uzun Zincirli n-3 Çoklu Doymamış Yağ Asitleri
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 5: Çölyak Hastalığı

  • 5.1 Genel Özet
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma - Çölyak Hastalığının Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerdeki Prevalansıyla İlgili Makaleler
  • 5.2 Tamamlayıcı Gıdaların Zamanlaması Ve Çölyak Hastalığı Riski
  • 5.3 Bebeklerin beslenmesinin Çölyak Hastalığı riski üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin nihai sonuç
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 6: Diabetes Mellitus

  • 6.1 Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • 6.2 Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 7: Tamamlayıcı Beslenmeyle İlişkili Olan Sağlık Üzerindeki Diğer Etkiler

  • 7.1 Diş Çürükleri
  • 7.2 Enfeksiyonlar
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 8: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Tamamlayıcı Beslenme

  • 8.1 Genel Özet
  • 8.2 Enfeksiyonlar
  • 8.3 Bodurluk (Stunting)
  • 8.4 Yetersiz Beslenme
  • 8.5 Mikro Besin Eksiklikleri
  • 8.6 Özet
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 2

Ünite 3: Bileşim ve Hazırlama

• Ders 1: Tamamlayıcı Gıdalardaki Enerji ve Makrobesin Gereksinimleri

  • 1.1 Enerji Gereksinimleri
  • 1.2 Tamamlayıcı Gıdalardan Alınan Enerji Tedariğinin Hesaplanması
  • 1.3 Bebeğin Makro Besin Gereksinimleri - Lipidler
  • 1.4 Bebeklerin Makro Besin Gereksinimi - Protein

• Ders 2: Tamamlayıcı Beslenmeyle ilgili Güncel Öneriler

  • 2.1 Genel Özet
  • 2.2 Öğün Sıklığı – Anne Sütüyle Beslenen Bebekler
  • 2.3 Öğün Sıklığı – Anne Sütüyle Beslenmeyen Bebekler
  • 2.4 Tamamlayıcı Gıdaların Enerji Yoğunluğu
  • 2.5 Talebe Göre Besleme
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 3: Bebeklik Sırasında Tamamlayıcı Gıdaların Tipleri ve Sürekliliği

  • 3.1 Genel Özet
  • 3.2 Verilecek Besin Çeşitleri – Sebze Kökenli Besinler
  • 3.3 Verilecek Besin Çeşitleri – Hayvan Kökenli Besinler
  • 3.4 Verilecek Besin Çeşitleri – Süt ve Diğer Süt Ürünleri
  • 3.5 Tamamlayıcı Öğün Örnekleri
  • 3.6 Süt Haricindeki İçecekler
  • 3.7 Besinlerin kıvamı
  • 3.8 Evde Hazırlanmış Yiyecekler ve Ticari Bebek Gıdaları
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 4: Bebeklikte Vejetaryen ve Vegan Diyetler

  • 4.1 Vejetaryen Diyetler - Genel Özet
  • 4.2 Vegan Diyetler - Genel Özet
  • 4.3 Vejetaryen ve Vegan Diyetler - Endişe Uyandıran Besin Maddeleri
  • Optional Further Information

• Ders 5: Tamamlayıcı Gıdaların Güvenli Hazırlanması ve Saklanması

  • 5.1 Genel Özet
  • 5.2 Yiyeceklerin Hazırlanması ve Saklanmasıyla İlgili Hijyenik Uygulamalar

• Ders 6: Hastalık Sırasında ve Sonrasında Beslenme Tavsiyeleri

  • 6.1 Diyare
  • 6.2 Öksürük, Soğuk Algınlığı ve Daha Ciddi Hastalıklar

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 3

Ünite 4: Fizyolojik Yönler

• Ders 1: Tamamlayıcı Beslenmenin Biyolojik ve Gelişimsel Yönleri

  • 1.1 Böbrek Fonksiyonu
  • 1.2 Sindirim ve Emilim
  • 1.3 Oral Anatomi ve Fonksiyon
  • 1.4 Nöromusküler Koordinasyon
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 2: Tat ve Yiyecek Tercihlerinin Gelişimi

  • 2.1 Doğuştan Gelen Tat Tercihleri
  • 2.2 İlk Besinlerin Lezzeti
  • 2.3 Lezzeti Öğrenme - Doğum Öncesi
  • 2.4 Lezzeti Öğrenme - Doğum Sonrası Anne Sütüyle Beslenme
  • 2.5 Gıdaların Benimsenmesini Kolaylaştırma
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma

• Ders 3: Büyüme

  • 3.1 Büyüme Standartları
  • 3.2 DSÖ Çocuklarda Büyüme Standartlarının Dünya Çapında Uygulanması
  • İsteğe Bağlı Okuma
  • 3.3 Büyüme ve Tamamlayıcı Besinlere Başlama

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 4

Olguya-Dayalı Eğitim "Tamamlayıcı Beslenme"

Modül 5 "Prematüre Bebeklerin Beslenmesi"

Giriş "Prematüre Bebeklerin Beslenmesi"

Ünite 1: Prematüre Bebeklerde Uygun Beslenmenin Önemi

• Ders 1: Erken Doğum: Küresel bir Toplum Sağlığı Sorunu

  • 1.1 Tanımlar ve Demografi Bilgileri
  • 1.2 Prematüre bebeklerde sağkalım ve mortalite
  • 1.3 Erken doğumun sonuçları

• Ders 2: Erken Doğumda En Uygun Şekilde Beslenmenin Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitesindeki (YDYBÜ) Faydaları

  • 2.1 Giriş
  • 2.2 Büyüme
  • 2.3 YDYBÜ'de Büyüme ve Beslenme
  • 2.4 Beyin
  • 2.5 Beslenmenin Beynin Gelişimi Üzerindeki Etkileri
  • 2.6 Nekrotizan Enterokolit
  • 2.7 Solunum Sistemi

• Ders 3: Bebeğin ailesinin YYBÜ'de bulunması

  • 3.1 Giriş
  • 3.2 Süt Verilmesini Sağlamak
  • 3.3 Ebeveyn - Bebek Arasında Bağ Kurulması: Kanguru Bakımı (Bebeği Göğsüne Yatırma)

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 1

Ü2: Erken Doğan Bebeğin Besin Gereksinimleri

• Ders 1: Erken Doğan Bebeklerin Besin Gereksinimlerinin Tanımlanması

  • Ders 1: Erken Doğan Bebeklerin Besin Gereksinimlerinin Tanımlanması

• Ders 2: Enerji gereksinimleri

  • 2. Enerji gereksinimleri

• Ders 3: Karbonhidratlar

  • 3.1 Glukoz
  • 3.2 Diğer karbonhidratlar

• Ders 4: Amino Asitler ve Proteinler

  • 4.1 Giriş
  • 4.2 Amino Asit ve Protein Gereksinimleri

• Ders 5: Lipidler

  • 5.1 Giriş
  • 5.2 Enteral gereksinimler
  • 5.3 Parenteral gereksinimler

• Ders 6: Sıvı ve elektrolit gereksinimleri

  • 6.1 Suyun Fizyolojisi
  • 6.2 Vücut suyunun homeostazı
  • 6.3 Sodyum, Potasyum ve Klor Metabolizması
  • 6.4 Erken doğanlarda sıvı ve elektrolit homeostazının doğum sonrası uyarlanması

• Ders 7: Mikromineraller

  • 7. Mikro Mineraller

• Ders 8: Mineraller - Kalsiyum, Fosfor ve Magnezyum

  • 8.1 Genel Özet
  • 8.2 Enteral beslenme gereksinimleri
  • 8.3 Parenteral beslenme gereksinimleri

• Ders 9: Vitaminler

  • 9.1 Giriş
  • 9.2.1 Yağda çözünen vitaminler - A Vitamini
  • 9.2.2 Yağda Çözünen Vitaminler - D Vitamini
  • 9.2.3 Yağda çözünen vitaminler - E Vitamini
  • 9.2.4 Yağda Çözünen Vitaminler - K Vitamini
  • 9.3.1 Suda Çözünen Vitaminler - B Vitamini Grubu
  • 9.3.2 Suda Çözünen Vitaminler - C Vitamini
  • 9.4 Vitaminler - Özet
  • 9.5 Erken Doğum Sonrası Vitamin Verilmesi ve Gereksinimleri

• Önemli Bilgiler

  • Anahatlarıyla Ünite 2

U3: Erken Doğan Bebeklerde Beslenme ve Besleme Uygulamaları

• Ders 1: Erken Doğan Bebeklerde Bakımın Standart Hale Getirilmesi

  • 1.1 Erken Doğan Bebeklerde Standart Besleme Kılavuzlarının Önemi

• Ders 2: Bebek Beslemelerinin Pratik Yönetimi

  • 2.1 Parenteral Beslenme
  • 2.2 Enteral Beslenme - İnsan Sütü
  • 2.3 Enteral Beslenmenin Pratik Yönetimi
  • 2.4 Anne Sütü Güçlendiriciler
  • 2.5 Erken Doğan Bebek Formulaları

• Ders 3: Büyümenin İzlenmesi

  • 3.1 Giriş
  • 3.2 YDYBÜ'de doğum sonrası izleme amaçlı büyüme grafikleri kullanılması
  • 3.3 Büyüme Geriliği Tanımı
  • 3.4 Büyümenin izlenmesiyle ilgili pratik konular

• Ders 4: Erken Doğan Özel Bebeklerde Besin Yönetimi

  • 4.1 Bronkopulmoner displazi (BPD) ve kronik akciğer hastalığı (KAH) gelişen veya oluşan bebeklerde besin yönetimi
  • 4.2 NEK'de klinik ve besinsel yönetim
  • 4.3 Büyüme geriliğinde beslenme yönetimi

• Ders 5: Düşük-Kaynaklı Ortamlarda Erken Doğanların Besin Yönetimi

  • 5.1 Giriş ve genel prensipler
  • 5.2 Kaynakları kısıtlı ortamda erken doğan bebeklerin enteral beslenme
  • 5.3 Sağlık Bakım Hizmetlerinin Yönetimi ve Taburcu Uygulaması
  • 5.4 Kaynakları kısıtlı bir ortamda erken doğan bebeklerde parenteral beslenme
  • 5.5 DDK bebeklerde (stabil ve 1 kg'ın üzerinde) optimum beslenme konusundaki DSÖ önerilerinin özeti

• Ders 6: Ev Ortamı: Taburcu Olduktan Sonra Beslenme ve Gözetim

  • 6.1 Giriş
  • 6.2 Taburcu olduktan sonra erken doğan bebeklerin beslenmesiyle ilgili güncel kılavuzlar
  • 6.3 Taburcu olduktan sonra erken doğan bebeklerin izlenmesine devam edilmesi
  • 6.4 Hastaneden taburcu olduktan sonra genel öneriler

ODE "Erken Doğan Bebeklerde Beslenme"

ENeA-SEA

ENEA-SEA Reviewers' Evaluation

SEA Writers' Evaluation

SEA Training Week 2 Evaluation

SEA Training Week Evaluation