Ünite 2: Bebek Formulası Endikasyonu ve Etkileri

Acceptable, Feasible, Affordable, Sustainable, and Safe: specific conditions that are needed if replacement feeds such as formula milks are to be given safely to infants.

Source: WHO

Antiretroviral

Branched-chain amino acids: an amino acid having aliphatic side-chains with a branch (a carbon atom bound to more than two other carbon atoms). Among the proteinogenic amino acids, there are three BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine.

The BCAAs are among the nine essential amino acids for humans, accounting for 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins and 40% of the preformed amino acids required by mammals.

Source: Wikipedia

Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex: a multi-subunit complex of enzymes that is found on the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Source: Wikipedia

Baby Friendly Hospitals Initiative: was launched by WHO and UNICEF in 1991, following the Innocenti Declaration of 1990. The initiative is a global effort to implement practices that protect, promote and support breastfeeding.

Source: WHO

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: a 10-item questionnaire that was developed to identify women who have PPD. Items of the scale correspond to various clinical depression symptoms, such as guilt feeling, sleep disturbance, low energy, anhedonia, and suicidal ideation. Overall assessment is done by total score, which is determined by adding together the scores for each of the 10 items. Higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms. The EPDS may be used within 8 weeks postpartum and it also can be applied for depression screening during pregnancy.

Source: Wikipedia

Formula for special medical purposes

Galactose—1-phosphate uridylyltransferase complex:is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.12 ) responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose.

Source: Wikipedia

Hepatitis C virus: is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C in humans.

Source: Wikipedia

Human Immunodeficiency Virus: is a lentivirus (slowly replicating retrovirus) that causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

Source: Wikipedia

Herpes simplex virus 1: of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2 (which produces most genital herpes) are ubiquitous and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person is producing and shedding the virus. Herpes simplex can be spread through contact with saliva, such as sharing drinks.

Source: Wikipedia

Inborn errors of metabolism:  are rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot properly turn food into energy. The disorders are usually caused by defects in specific proteins (enzymes) that help break down (metabolize) parts of food.

A food product that is not broken down into energy can build up in the body and cause a wide array of symptoms. Several inborn errors of metabolism cause developmental delay if not controlled.

Source: Medline Plus

Immunoglobulin M: is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system. It is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to antigen. The spleen is the major site of specific IgM production.

Source: Wikipedia

Isoniazide: also known as isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), is an organic compound that is the first-line medication in prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

Source: Wikipedia

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a metabolism disorder passed down through families in which the body cannot break down the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Urine in persons with this condition can smell like maple syrup.

Source: Medline Plus

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: consists of 10 positive affects (interested, excited, strong, enthusiastic, proud, alert, inspired, determined, attentive, and active) and 10 negative affects (distressed, upset, guilty, scared, hostile, irritable, ashamed, nervous, jittery, and afraid). Participants are asked to rate items on a scale from 1 to 5, based on the strength of emotion.

Source: IN-CAM

Phenylketonuria: genetic disorder in which the body can't metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe). Phe is in almost all foods. If the Phe level gets too high, it can damage the brain and cause severe intellectual disability.

Source: Medline Plus

State-trait Anxiety Inventory: a commonly used measure of trait and state anxiety. It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. It also is often used in research as an indicator of caregiver distress.

Source: APA

Satisfaction with Life Scale: a short 5-item instrument designed to measure global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one's life. The scale usually requires only about one minute of a respondent's time.

Source: Ed Diener

Tuberculosis: a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks. If you have been exposed, you should go to your doctor for tests. You are more likely to get TB if you have a weak immune system.

Source: MedlinePlus

World Health Organization